Caracterización de la autonomía como indicador clave en las habilidades de aprender a aprender en estudiantes de medicina

Fundamento: la autonomía permite a los estudiantes pensar por sí mismos, con sentido crítico e independencia, tener en cuenta diferentes puntos de vista y actuar en correspondencia con ellos. Constituye un indicador necesario en el estudio de las habilidades de aprender a aprender. Objetivo: caracterizar la autonomía como indicador de las habilidades de aprender a aprender en estudiantes de medicina. Métodos: se empleó un diseño mixto de investigación del tipo explicativo secuencial. La investigación se realizó de octubre de 2021 a marzo de 2022 en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos. La muestra no probabilística, intencionada, quedó constituida por 255 estudiantes del primer año de la carrera de Medicina. Para la recolección de información se utilizó el cuestionario que evalúa el nivel de formación de las habilidades de aprender a aprender, observaciones a actividades docentes y grupos focales. Resultados: la autonomía está presente en el 45,4 % de los estudiantes, según cuestionario. En los grupos focales algunos estudiantes reconocen presentar insuficiencias en algunos indicadores de la autonomía, lo que se corresponde con los datos obtenidos en las observaciones a las actividades docentes. Conclusiones: la autonomía como indicador clave de las habilidades de aprender a aprender en los estudiantes del primer año de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos se caracterizó por una baja expresión en los procesos de aprendizaje de los estudiantes de medicina.

Background: autonomy allows students to think for themselves, critically and independently, take into account different points of view and act accordingly. It constitutes a necessary indicator in the study of learning-to-learn skills. Objective: to characterize autonomy as an indicator of learning-to-learn skills in medical students. Methods: a mixed research design of the sequential explanatory type was used. The research was carried out from October 2021 to March 2022 at the Cienfuegos University of Medical Sciences. The intentional, non-probabilistic sample was made up of 255 Medicine first-year students. The questionnaire that evaluates the learning to learn skills training level, observations of teaching activities and focus groups were used to collect information. Results: autonomy is present in 45.4% of the students, according to the questionnaire. In the focus groups, some students acknowledge presenting deficiencies in some autonomy indicators, which corresponds to the data obtained in the observations of teaching activities. Conclusions: autonomy as a learning to learn skills key indicator in the Cienfuegos Medical Sciences University first-year students, was characterized by a low expression in the medical students' learning processes.

Adaptation of the Cuban version of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale.

This study explores the psychometric properties of the Cuban version of Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS). The sample comprised 376 Cuban participants. Concurrent validity and reliability were examined. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed. The CAS showed excellent psychometric characteristics. The internal consistency was very good (α = 0.88). There was a positive correlation between the CAS and the FCV-19S and an inverse association between anxiety and self-perceived quality of health. The results confirmed the presence of a single factor. The CAS is a valid and reliable instrument to explore the experience of anxiety in the Cuban population.

Anxiety, Health Self-Perception, and Worry About the Resurgence of COVID-19 Predict Fear Reactions Among Genders in the Cuban Population.

The resurgence of COVID-19 could deepen the psychological impacts of the pandemic which poses new challenges for mental health professionals. Among the actions that should be prioritized is the monitoring of the groups that have shown greater psychological vulnerability during the first stage of the pandemic. The first aim of our study is to explore the fear reactions to COVID-19 between genders during the second wave of the outbreak in Cuba. Second, establish possible predictors of fear of COVID-19 in relation to gender. Specifically, we will evaluate how anxiety related to COVID-19, health self-perception, and worry about the resurgence of COVID-19 predict fear reactions among women and men in the Cuban population. A cross-sectional online study was designed. The research was conducted between August 16 and October 18, 2020. A total of 373 people completed the online survey. A socio-demographic questionnaire, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale and the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale were used. An independent-samples t-test was conducted to compare the fear, worry, anxiety and self-perceived health scores, between genders. The relationship between those variables and fear of COVID-19, was investigated using Pearson correlation coefficient. Finally, multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the possible associations (predictors) related to fear of COVID-19. In our study, women, compared to men, presented greater fear reactions, greater concern about resurgence of COVID-19 and poorer self-perceived health. Anxiety reactions in our sample showed no differences between genders. In women, anxiety of COVID-19, worry about resurgence of COVID-19, and self-perceived health are associated with fear reactions to COVID-19. In the case of men, the self-perceived health showed no associations with fear reactions. Our results confirm the results of several related investigations during the first wave of the pandemic where women have shown greater psychological vulnerability compared to men. However, we cannot rule out that the real impact of the pandemic on mental health in men is much greater than that described by the studies conducted to date. Additional studies are needed on the psychological impact of COVID-19 on men.

Lógica difusa: metodología cuantitativa útil para determinar el consenso entre expertos de ciencias estomatológicas / Fuzzy logic: a useful quantitative methodology to determine consensus among dental science experts

RESUMEN La lógica difusa trata de copiar la forma en que los humanos toman decisiones. Específicamente en el área médica, se utiliza desde hace varios años en estudios aplicados a áreas como: ingeniería biomédica, sistemas expertos, modelos epidemiológicos y sistemas diagnósticos. Se confeccionó un cuestionario para medir la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud oral en adolescentes cubanos; se utilizó la lógica difusa en el proceso de validación por expertos, mediante el software PROCESA_CE (2013). En el nivel de concordancia de los expertos se rechazó la hipótesis nula de que no existe comunidad de preferencia entre ellos, para un nivel de significación de 0,01; esto garantizó, con un 99% de confiabilidad, que es posible hacer valoraciones a partir del consenso de estos expertos. Además, se corroboró la existencia de un consenso de 5 en todos los ítems.

ABSTRACT Fuzzy logic tries to copy the way humans make decisions. It has been used for several years, specifically in the medical field, in studies applied to areas such as biomedical engineering, expert systems, epidemiological models and diagnostic systems. A questionnaire was prepared to measure the quality of life related to oral health in Cuban adolescents; Fuzzy logic was used in the validation process based on expert criteria, using the PROCESA_CE (2013) software. According to expert agreements, the null hypothesis that there is no community of preference among them was rejected, for a significance level of 0.01; this guaranteed, with 99% reliability, that it is possible to make assessments based on their consensuses. In addition, the existence of a consensus of five in all items was corroborated.

Subjective Well-being during the Pandemic: A Pilot Study in the Cuban Population.

Background: The study of aspects related to positive mental health and well-being in the general population with a gender approach is a necessity in the current context imposed by COVID-19. Objective: To explore gender as a predictor of subjective well-being during COVID-19 in a sample of the Cuban population. Design: A cross-sectional web-based survey design was adopted. The sample consisted of 129 Cuban participants. The Subjective Well-being-Reduced Scale (SW-RS) was used to explore subjective well-being in the sample. Descriptive statistics were used to explore the participants' characteristics. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify variables independently associated with the participants' subjective well-being. Results: The gender of participants significantly predicted subjective well-being levels. The probability of males having middle or high levels of subjective well-being, rather than low levels, was 4.16 times greater than in females. The probability of males having a high self-image instead of a low one was 4.35 times greater than in females. According to the self-satisfaction dimension, the odds of males having high rather than low self-satisfaction were five times more than in females. In this sample, gender did not predict whether participants had middle or high levels of the hedonic dimension. Conclusion: Our results corroborated international studies that have indicated the coincidence of lower well-being and greater psychosocial risk in women during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results also indicated the need to dig deeper into the experiences of subjective well-being from a gender perspective, and to strengthen the sufficiency and effectiveness of the actions and guidance that are offered to the population from psychological care services, the media, and public policies.

La autoayuda en tiempos de la COVID-19 / Self-help in times of COVID-19

Introducción: Ante la presencia del SARS-CoV-2, nuevo coronavirus y agente causal de la COVID-19, se ha desencadenado a nivel mundial una pandemia traducida en millones de enfermos y altas tasas de letalidad. Esta crisis presenta desafíos a todos los niveles, de ahí que la Psicología como ciencia del comportamiento, tenga la función no solo de predecir cómo va a afectar a las personas, sino cómo ayudar a reducir su impacto emocional. Objetivo: Proponer Boletines de autoayuda como herramientas de apoyo psicológico para el fomento de estrategias de afrontamiento ante la crisis generada por la COVID-19. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo mediante un diseño de investigación - acción, este se estructuró como un proceso de difusión de innovaciones y siguió tres etapas de trabajo: conocimiento de la innovación, persuasión para la adopción de la innovación y decisión de adopción de la innovación Resultados: Hasta el cierre de este informe, se alcanzó un promedio de 23 930 visitas para la totalidad de los 10 boletines publicados. Se manifestó el predominio de visualizaciones en las féminas, sin embargo, coinciden hombres y mujeres en las edades comprendidas entre 25 - 34 años. Se valoraron de forma favorable los temas relacionados con el cuidado y el autocuidado; la familia; alteraciones en el comportamiento y adultos mayores. Conclusiones: Los comentarios realizados por los beneficiarios de las acciones de autoayuda propuestas, muestran la pertinencia para la situación de crisis actual. Se identificó una dinámica de cambio favorecedora a nivel reflexivo - vivencial y conductualAU)

Introduction: In the presence of SARS-CoV-2, the new coronavirus and causative agent of COVID-19, a pandemic has been triggered worldwide, resulting in millions of patients and high fatality rates. This crisis presents challenges at all levels, hence Psychology as a behavioral science, has the function not only of predicting how it will affect people, but also how to help reduce their emotional impact. Objective: Propose self-help bulletins as psychological support tools to promote coping strategies in the face of the crisis generated by COVID-19. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted through an action-research design, this was structured as a process of diffusion of innovations and followed three stages of work: knowledge of innovation, persuasion for adoption of innovation and decision to adopt innovation Results: Until the closing of this report, an average of 23930 visits were reached for the totality of the 10 published bulletins. The predominance of visualizations in females was manifested, however, men and women between the ages of 25-34 years coincide. Issues related to care and self-care; family; behavioral alterations and older adults were favorably evaluated. Conclusions: The comments made by the beneficiaries of the proposed self-help actions show the relevance for the current crisis situation. A favorable dynamic of change was identified at the reflective-experiential and behavioral levelAU).

Habilidades de aprender a aprender en los estudiantes de medicina desde la percepción de los profesores / Skills of learning to learn in medical students from the professor´s perception

RESUMEN Fundamento: la universidad médica tiene dentro de sus objetivos desarrollar la autogestión del conocimiento en los estudiantes, propósito que puede lograrse mediante la formación y desarrollo de las habilidades de aprender a aprender. Objetivo: valorar la formación de las habilidades de aprender a aprender en los estudiantes de medicina en la Universidad Médica de Cienfuegos desde los criterios de los profesores de la disciplina de Psicología. Métodos: investigación de desarrollo a partir de un diseño descriptivo de corte trasversal, realizada durante el mes de febrero del 2018 en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos, empleando como métodos esenciales analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo, histórico-lógico y la encuesta para la recolección de información. El universo lo constituyeron los nueve profesores que imparten la disciplina de Psicología. Se exploraron siete variables: forma en que los estudiantes autogestionan el conocimiento; estimulación de la autogestión del conocimiento; actividades de los estudiantes; habilidades del pensamiento; vías por las que construyen el conocimiento los estudiantes; funciones del profesor como mediador del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje; habilidades conformadoras del desarrollo personal. Resultados: los estudiantes autogestionan el conocimiento solo en algunas ocasiones, la preparación para las evaluaciones es insuficiente, pobre uso de las diferentes vías para la búsqueda de información. Conclusiones: los profesores consideran que es insuficiente el desarrollo de las habilidades de aprender a aprender en los estudiantes de Medicina.

ABSTRACT Foundation: the medical university has among its objectives to develop the self-management of knowledge in students, a purpose that can be achieved by training and developing the skills of learning to learn. Objective: to assess the skills formation of learning to learn in medical students at the Medical University of Cienfuegos from the criteria of the professors of the Psychology discipline. Methods: development research based on a descriptive cross-sectional design carried out during the month of February 2018 at the University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos, using essentially analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive, historical-logical and survey methods for collecting information. The universe was made up of the nine professors who teach the discipline of Psychology. Seven variables were explored: how students self-manage knowledge; stimulation of self-management of knowledge; student activities; thinking skills; ways in which students build knowledge; functions of the teacher as mediator of the teaching-learning process; shaping skills of personal development. Results: students self-manage knowledge only in some occasions, preparation for evaluations is insufficient and there is a poor use of the different means for searching information. Conclusions: professors consider that development of the learning to learn skill in the medical students is insufficient.

Análisis psicométrico de la Escala de Afecto Positivo y Negativo (PANAS) en mujeres sobrevivientes de cáncer de mama / Positive and Negative Affection Scale (PANAS) in Women Who Survived Breast Cancer

Objetivo: Determinar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Afectos Positivos y Negativos (PANAS), en una muestra de mujeres sobrevivientes de cáncer de mama. Métodos: Se trabajó con una muestra no probabilística intencional conformada por 115 personas. Se realizó el análisis de la confiabilidad y validez del instrumento. Para el procesamiento de los datos se empleó la estadística descriptiva, pruebas no paramétricas (Tau-b de Kendall, U de Mann Whitney), así como técnicas específicas para el análisis factorial exploratorio. Resultados: Se obtuvieron dosfactores (afecto positivo y afecto negativo) que, agruparon los ítems correspondientes a una y otra escala de modo claro y diferenciado. Dos ítems obtuvieron bajas cargas factoriales (temeroso y alerta). La confiabilidad para la escala estado, fue: afecto positivo=.91 y afecto negativo=.82, y para rasgo: afecto positivo =.91 y afecto negativo=.84. Conclusiones: La Escala de Afectos Positivos y Negativos, mostró excelentes propiedades psicométricas que coinciden con reportes de estudios similares, así como la versión original. Se recomienda que los ítems que obtuvieron bajas cargas factoriales sean modificados con vistas a otros procesos de adaptación y validación(AU)

Objective: Determine the psychometric qualities of Positive and Negative Affection Scale (PANAS) in a sample of women who survived breast cancer. Methods: The current study used a non- probabilistic intentional sample composed of 115 people. The analysis of reliability and validity of the instrument was carried out. Descriptive statistics, non-parametric tests (Kendalls Tau-b, Mann Whitneys U), as well as specific techniques for the exploratory factorial analysis were used for data processing. Results: Two factors (positive affection and negative affection) were found, which put the correspondent items of each scale into groups, in a differentiated clear way. Two items got low factorial associations (frightened and alert). The reliability for the state scale was: positive affection = .91, and negative affection = .82, and for feature: positive affection = .91, and negative affection = .84. Conclusions: The Positive and Negative Affection Scale showed excellent psychometric qualities which coincide with similar studies reported, as well as with the original version. It is recommended that those items which got low factorial associations should be modified with a view to other adaptation and validity processes(AU)

Validez de Constructo y Confiabilidad del Cuestionario de Creencias Epistemológicas sobre la Matemática en Alumnos de Secundaria Básica / Construct Validity and Reliability of the Epistemological Beliefs Questionnaire on Mathematics in Secondary School Students / Validação de Constructo do Questionário de Crenças Epistemológicas sobre a Matemática de Alunos de Secundária Básica

Este estudio desarrolló la validación de constructo del Cuestionario de Creencias Epistemológicas sobre la Matemática, versión traducida y adaptada del instrumento de Walker (2007). Participaron 2023 alumnos de secundaria básica de la región central de Cuba. El 51.2 % pertenecía al sexo femenino y el 48.7 % al masculino. Se confirmó un modelo de creencias sobre la matemática de cuatro dimensiones relacionadas, que siguen un desarrollo asincrónico y valores aceptables de fiabilidad. Los índices de bondad de ajuste del modelo encontrados (GFI=.97; CFI=.94; RMSEA=.03) demostraron la validez del cuestionario para medir con 18 ítems las creencias epistemológicas sobre la matemática.

This study developed the construct validity of the Epistemological Beliefs Questionnaire on Mathematics, translated and adapted from Walker's instrument (2007).A total of 2023 students from secondary schools in the central region of Cuba participated. Of these students, 51.2% were female, and 48.7% were male. The study confirms a model of beliefs about mathematics of four related dimensions following an asynchronous development and acceptable values of reliability. The goodness of fit indices (GFI=.97; CFI=.94; RMSEA=.03) for the model demonstrate the validity of the questionnaire's use of 18 items for measuring epistemological beliefs about mathematics.

Este estudo desenvolveu a validação de constructo do Questionário de Crenças Epistemológicas sobre a Matemática, versão traduzida e adaptada do instrumento de Walker (2007). Participaram 2.023 alunos de secundária básica da região central de Cuba. 51,2% pertenciam ao sexo feminino e 48,7% ao masculino. Confirmou-se um modelo de crenças sobre a matemática de 4 dimensões relacionadas, que seguem um desenvolvimento assincrônico e valores aceitáveis de fiabilidade. Os índices de bondade de ajuste do modelo encontrados (GFI=.97; CFI=.94; RMSEA=.03) demonstraram a validade do questionário para medir com 18 itens as crenças epistemológicas sobre a matemática.

Relación entre creencias epistemológicas sobre la matemática y métodos de enseñanza en profesores de esta asignatura en la secundaria básica / Relationship between epistemological beliefs related to math and teaching methods in high school teachers

Esta investigación se refiere a la relación entre las creencias epistemológicas y los métodos de enseñanza en una muestra de profesores de matemática de educación secundaria básica. Para encontrar la relación entre las variables se emplearon pruebas paramétricas, y en ella participaron 99 profesores que se seleccionaron mediante un muestreo probabilístico. Los resultados revelan el predominio de los métodos orales, particularmente la explicación, que, combinado con la exposición, constituye la alternativa más frecuente para la enseñanza de los contenidos matemáticos. Se corroboró el desarrollo asincrónico del sistema de creencias epistemológicas, aun cuando suelen presentarse en un nivel sofisticado. No se encontraron diferencias significativas según el sexo, pero, en cuanto a la edad, la experiencia docente propicia formas de enseñanza más cercanas a la elaboración conjunta profesor-alumno.

This research focuses on the relationship between epistemological beliefs and teaching methods in High School Math. In order to find the relationship between the variables, some parametric tests were used and 99 teachers previously chosen participated in a probability sampling test. The results showed the oral methods use, particularly the application of explanation methods, combined with exposure is was the most common method for teaching mathematical content alternatives. An Asynchronous development of epistemological beliefs system was confirmed, however a sophisticated level predominated there were no significant differences when polled by gender Talking about age, teaching experience encourages different forms of a closer teaching experience when combined with the development of a student-teacher relationship.